Update 1: It seems the plot has thickened a bit further. Apparently, as pointed out by @williambgoss on twitter, Ocean Marketing has been lifting articles from across the web for their blog with little to no attribution of sources whatsoever. An article published on Forbes is clearly posted wholesale on the Ocean Marketing blog with no sourcing roughly two weeks after initially hitting the web. Moreover, the same is done with a BizReport article, appearing as Ocean Marketing's "original work" no less than two days later. The About Us page, which is also plagiarized, claiming, "We tell it like it is -- our open book approach is based on honesty, integrity and a straightforward expertise that will drive the best possible new potential clients to your website." It was also recently brought to light that Ocean Marketing's Services page is also plagiarized from Virtual Social Media. Thus, it seems just about everything from Ocean Marketing is lifted from somewhere else online - but primarily seop.
Thanks to George for the tip. Further thanks to Nathen and Gary for the additional tip.
Update 2: Ocean Marketing has changed their twitter account name from @OceanMarketting to @OceanStratagy.
Thanks to twitter user @Mcslanty.
Update 3: Mr. Christoforo has since deleted his tweet in which he calls Scott Lowe a douchebag. Link has been updated with a screen capture.
Thanks to twitter user @YetAnotherJon.
Update 4: Contact info for Avenger Controller:
info@avengercontroller.com
800-492-5455
Courtesy of Penny Arcade.
Update 5: The Avenger peripheral for the Xbox 360 is currently holding a 2-star rating on Amazon, with users tossing 1 star reviews left and right. Additionally, it appears as thought some of the reviews appear to be faked and while this is merely speculation, grammar structure and spelling both point to each of the 1 comment users being under the guise of the same writer - especially when many of them try to convince potential buyers to "take their gaming to the next level." It may be a bit more difficult than originally anticipated for these to be "put [up] on eBay for 150.00."
Thanks to Rachel for noticing this. Updates will continue as the story develops.
Update 6: An apology from Paul to Dave, initially published on Gamerfront, has begun making the rounds. Full text is below:
Hey Dave,
I just wanted to apologize for the way our emails progressed from beginning to end , You caught me on an extremely bad day and I had been dealing with 100’s and hundreds of emails trying to explain the situation to everyone on where the product was and you just pushed me a little too much and I should have just apologized and tried to explain things better. Also I had a really bad day losing a friend to an overdose and the stress of my newborn baby and the Holiday ,missing my family and just stressing on getting product out to everyone and why it was held up in customs wore me out.
I am deeply sorry for any disrespect , aggravation or lack of information on the delivery date. We knew when product was leaving china and we were trying to adhere to a strict deadline but due to port issues and air freight issues. The units are domestic now and awaiting pick up at customs . So we missed the 17th deadline and I apologize for that but it was out of my control and besides me no one else was helping me handle the situation so imagine the weight on my shoulders.
I’m not asking for any sympathy just for some understanding and forgiveness , I’m human just like everyone else and made a mistake. I underestimated you and its cost me a lot of trouble thousands of spam emails , a lot of personal bashing , and internet spam and trouble and just overall stress with my wife and newborn. I ask that you please accept my apology as a peace offering I will refund your money and give you your 2 units/Avengers free of charge please help me to get some of this negativity removed or at least my personal name although its already all over the internet and the calls and emails will not stop but any help will be appreciated especially with penny arcade as Mike and edit his own website I owe him an apology too which I will write next.
Thanks to Twitter user @Katherine_Jane for sending this my way.
Update 7: I was recently tweeted at by @TheSchwartz173 claiming to have additional details from the owner of n-control and makers of The Avenger peripheral regarding their take on this whole ordeal. The full statement is below:
We apologize for our poor representation from Ocean Marketing. We wanted to give Paul a chance. He was rough around the edges, but he had drive and enthusiasm.
Update 8: It seems this isn't the first time there have been problems with Ocean Marketing.
Thanks to Twitter user @Juhtai for pointing this out.
Update 9: Gabe (Mike) has posted over at Penny Arcade detailing the apology he received from Paul over at Ocean Marketing as well:
At 7:12am this morning I got another mail from Paul. It was one line and simply said:
“You have the power Mike Please make it stop”
The reality is that once I had posted the emails I didn’t have the power anymore. The Internet had it now and nothing I said or did was going to change that.
An hour later I got a more complete apology:
Hey Mike,
I just wanted to apologize for the way our emails progressed I didn’t know how big your site was and I really didn’t believe you ran Pax , So for what’s its worth I am very sorry. Your post has obviously made my life very difficult and I have not slept yet dealing with all the spam and personal information intrusion as well as my family being smeared on the internet.
If you can please accept my apology and anything you can do to help if not me my son and wife please do. I have apologized to Dave and apologized to you what else can I do please tell me so I can make things good. I obviously care or I would not be emailing you.
Via @cwgabriel on Twitter.
Update 10: Revised. See Update 11.
Update 11: The previous update appeared to point to a troll account. @OceanStratagy is still the one currently in use and appears to not be getting updated at this time. Apologies for any confusion.
Thanks to @Avulsion235 and @MonsterClosets.
Update 12: In an odd twist, according to Corporation Wiki, both Paul Christoforo of Ocean Marketing and David Kotkin of N-Control has their names attached to a joint venture based in Miami, Florida. Per records kept by the Florida Department of State, the profile for Afternoon Artists Inc. though scarce on details has the names of the two men listed together. Christoforo is listed as Secretary whilst Kotkin is named as President, Director and Treasurer. Even more suspect is the last update for the profile being 10/22/2011, or roughly 2 months ago. Kotkin will be contacted for comment and this article will be updated accordingly.
Thanks to Twitter user @PlayYesBuyNo for pointing this out.
Update 13: According to @TheSchwartz173, twitter account of Eli Schwartz and N-Control rep, "[Afternoon Artists Inc.] was going to be a charity LLC as I understand it, it never was officially created. Just the LLC name was bought." Still, it leaves numerous questions regarding what exactly is the dynamic of the relationship between Kotkin and Christoforo, even in the wake of the PR disaster that surfaced today. Schwartz went on to state in an email that, "There should be more info in the official press release tomorrow, but it was a LLC name David registered. But the company was never actually created. Partly because of this whole issue with Paul."
Via twitter update/email from @TheSchwartz173/Eli Schwartz.
Update 14: The @OceanStratagy twitter has since been changed again to @OceanDeepSea.
Thanks to both @unix_gnome and @gyaku_zuki for sending this in.
Update 15: After having a very interesting email sent to me early this morning, I've spent today doing a bit of research.
First, upon googling the phone number Eli Schwartz provided me last night via his gmail account (Note: Despite working with David Kotkin on The Avenger controller, he does not have an avengercontroller.com email address such as david@avengercontroller.com for Kotkin or Info@avengercontroller.com as utilized by Christoforo) to contact David, I discovered that on Amazon David Kotkin was on a bit of uneven footing not that long ago on 11.24.11, prior to yesterday's events with Paul Christoforo and Ocean Marketing. Scrolling down beyond the 1-star review reveals comments from David Kotkin's Gaming Pro Amazon user profile to other users. Notably, according to user C. K. Ahlstrom, "There's a review on your account saying that you bought one of these things (and loved it). Now your posting with an email account from avengercontroller.com and offering support for it? You also posted the same negative review for three of your competitors products. I wonder if amazon will want to know you post reviews for your own product while posing as a customer." Looking deeper into the Gaming Pro user, thanks to cached reviews shows that David Kotkin's Gaming Pro user profile does indeed try to derail his competition while lauding his own Avenger product, but this appears to be the tip of the iceberg.
Stealth edit: Thanks to Dan for discovering the reviews and sending them my way.
Delving into the credibility of Eli Schwartz came back a bit suspiciously as his Twitter account has only been in service since May 16th of this year and seems to only have been created solely as a shell account to push The Avenger product. Additionally, at further glance of Eli's Facebook and Google+ accounts neither of which show a picture of Eli and smacking of poor grammatical and syntax uses that would be common to a high school age kid (which his Facebook lists him as attending East Longmeadow High School in Massachusetts), it's also been made apparent in the last day or so that Paul Christoforo also lacks a solid command of written language as well evidenced by his online postings. As far as location data, that can be added in a status update bar and can be easily faked if need be via the Facebook web interface. Furthermore, Schwartz lists his profession as DJ, which raises questions why exactly David Kotkin would allow a high school age DJ to work damage control PR for his product in the wake of Ocean Marketing, especially when having Eli send out PR releases from a gmail account as opposed to a avengercontroller.com account would only weaken his position. Finally, adding insult to injury, even Eli Schwartz's 5 star Amazon review for The Avenger on Nov 29, 2011 smacks of other reviews illustrating Ocean Marketing's signature touch.
While I'm sure David Kotkin may have great intentions when creating The Avenger initially, there is just too many fishy things that are slowly adding up since the Ocean Marketing fiasco came to light yesterday. In the meantime, I'll be patiently waiting for a press release to come directly from David Kotkin, who should really step up to the plate following what may be slowly transitioning from a marketing disaster solely for Ocean Marketing and into one overall for The Avenger as well. Wishing to abstain from accusations, I'll leave the evidence for readers to judge. Simply said though, there's nothing difficult about transparency, especially when it can only help smooth over what appears to be a decidedly odd situation.
Thanks to George.
Update 16: Looking at the registration of the avengercontroller.com server apparently points to a bit of oddity as well. Registered to Lidia Bonanno, Director of Sales at Bling Software Ltd. of the Greater New York area, it would seem strange that someone affiliated with The Avenger product would make no effort to list their association with it. Moreover, Bling is responsible for such products as 123CopyDVD and Ring Factory, programs designed for ripping dvds and copying ringtones respectively, including copy protected dvds with CSS using a plugin linked to on their 123CopyDVD site. Another Bling site appears to be Podmaxx, but the link for the site redirects (perhaps because it was shut down) back to 123CopyDVD, which also has some interesting prescence around the internet. So, not exactly the most legitimate appearance for The Avenger to be connected with, especially in the wake of everything thus far.
Thanks to Kevin for the information. Stay tuned as additional updates become available.
Update 17: MSNBC posted an interview with Christoforo. Most damning is still his regard for Mike Krahulik (Gabe of Penny Arcade), "I didn't know who that guy at Penny Arcade was," he admitted. "If I had known, I would have treated the situation a little better. PAX is a great show. What he does is what I've been idlolizing since I was a kid. It's admirable he's put that together. He has a lot of connections, ones I want too." Mike's reply on his @cwgabriel Twitter account is priceless, if not apropos, "He [Christoforo] is sorry that he didn't know who I was, not that he was a douche. And he admires my "contacts". I think he might be insane." Speaks volumes.
Update 18: After looking in greater detail at the Avenger controller website, it appears that David Kotkin either has a rogue web designer working for him or can't decide what company exactly is behind the peripheral. The homepage currently lists the site as belonging to Kotkin Enterprises, LLC. On the other hand, the Contact Us page lists the site under iControl Enterprises, LLC. Sure, I'll believe that it takes a bit of time to finally settle on the name for a company, but on different pages of the same site seems relatively weird.
Thanks to @JoeKaluza for directing me to this.
Update 19: There is a thread over on Reddit discussing this matter.
Thanks to @SomeGuy122711 for bringing this to my attention.
Update 20: Removed due to privacy concerns.
Update 21: The original reasoning behind the creation of the Avenger may have been for a single student who couldn't use a PlayStation 3, but that seems to have changed between then and E3 2011. In the two videos sent in, one shows David Kotkin discussing how he created the Avenger initially for Danny, a student with a birth defect that endowed him with smaller hands. Yet in the E3 2011 video, Danny doesn't really seem to come up, which shows a bit of a conflict between the peripherals origin story. Perhaps noble intentions were discarded to pursue financial gain or Kotkin just wanted to pursue the best course to supposedly help gamers everywhere. Either way, the conflict is glaringly present.
Thanks to George for linking to the videos.
Update 22: While left out of the MSNBC interview, the author revealed that apparently Christoforo blames the blatant plagiarism present across his entire Ocean Marketing website on Indian freelances. Yes, you read that right.
Thanks to @TKMY07 for sending that in.
Update 23: Gamestop has since pulled their product page for the Avenger, which suspicious still is listed as being made by the entirely legitimate appearing Visco Entertainment. Additionally, a product review for the device from dachief173, which is oddly close to Schwartz's twitter handle, on Gamestop's page will look very similar to Eli Schwartz's on Amazon.
Thanks to @ZekeDMS for sending this in. While we are still waiting on a promised press release from David Kotkin or N-Control, I ask that you please stay tuned for any further updates.
Update 24: Received a large bit of information from Dan Sparks who opted to share what he discovered for SomethingAwful.com after spending some time on the phone with Paul Christoforo:
Apparently I am now an Investigative Journalist or something.
I just got off the phone with Paul, and he had some vaguely interesting stuff to tell me about his relationship with David.Firstly, they met in January this year, at CES, and they have worked on various things (such as Afternoon Artists, which they incorporated around August 2011), so the story that Paul was hired by David without him having any idea of his competence seems pretty unlikely.
He also said:
* The kid with the disability was the inspiration for the controller, according to David
* His friendship with David is "on the rocks right now but we are friends"
* He wasn't hired by David to deal with the marketing for the controller as much as he was "helping him in a limited capacity taking those customer service calls."
* He has no idea about the Amazon reviews - what they were or who wrote them. "I don't know what he does day-to-day - I'm in California and he's in Miami."He really has no idea how badly he fucked up here, either. He's got interviews for Spike TV and Forbes lined up, and he's going to tell them the same stuff he told MSNBC, and that he told me - he had a bad day, and he figured that Penny Arcade/PAX wasn't really a big deal, so he felt justified in telling this guy to go fuck himself.
Right now he says he is in damage control mode - I made sure he'd got his girlfriend to set her facebook account to private for the time being* - but he really doesn't understand why anybody thinks he's an idiot, and as long as that remains the case he's going to continue hurting himself. In a similar vein he was obviously upset that his criminal record had been posted but seemingly more concerned with it being posted than having people know what he had done: "people are vicious, they'll use anything to make you look evil."
I asked him how he felt about David and the other guys distancing themselves from him, and making him seem like he was just a bad hire. He said that he doesn't exactly feel like he's been hung out to dry, and that he is hopeful that the press release that is going to be put out ("they're going to put out a press release soon; I just got off the phone with them") will put him in a more positive light.
I would imagine that, given how David Kotkin has played it so far, he is completely hanging Paul out to dry, but I guess we'll see, if that press release ever surfaces.
*Context: Paul and his girlfriend's facebook accounts were found and posted online, I let him know his girlfriend's account was viewable and he got her to make it private for now.
AVENGER CONTROLLER DISMISSES MARKETING CONSULTANT,
TAKES BACK MARKETING AND SALES OPERATIONS
Miami, FL--- Wednesday, December 28, 2011--- N-Control, makers of the Avenger Controller accessory, have categorically dismissed third party contractor Paul Christoforo and his marketing operation, known alternately as Ocean Distribution or Ocean Marketing. This separation from Mr. Christoforo extends to all business interests of N-Control, its founders, and its officers. Mr. Christoforo does not and never did own, in whole or in part, a stake in N-Control LLC nor its affiliated companies (Kotkin Enterprises, iControl LLC).
Following the publication of an email chain between Mr. Christoforo and one of N-Control’s customers, punctuated by Mr. Christoforo’s acknowledgement of his conduct, N-Control immediately proceeded to extricate Mr. Christoforo’s access to their email and social media accounts, a process that is still ongoing. In the interim, a Gmail address and Twitter account (AvengerDefender@gmail.com and @AvengerDefender, respectively) have been set up for press inquiries and customer service needs.
David Kotkin, the inventor and founder of the Avenger Controller, created the product to help one of his students who had a physical disability. The student wanted to play games the way that everyone else could. The Avenger evolved from a homemade solution for a deserving child into an even more sophisticated controller accessory, capable of enhancing even the most skilled gamer’s performance.
“Everyone deserves the opportunity to be a part of the gaming community in a fun, positive way.” said David Kotkin, Avenger founder. “I created the Avenger to make people happy. I deeply regret that so many people have any negative feelings toward it as a result of what has happened, especially since I’ve seen first-hand what an impact it can have on gameplay.”
Kotkin continued, “What I’m most concerned about is doing right by our customers. We have dropped the ball by giving them delivery estimates that did not come through as expected. We didn’t expect that the demand would be so great, and we should have done a better job communicating that. Our new team is taking all necessary action to correct that going forward. I hope that people will give us a chance to earn back the faith they may have lost.”
All existing orders will be honored, and PS3 Avenger pre-order customers will all be extended the same $10 discount that some have already received. To clarify, customers who have already received $10 off their pre-order are not eligible for an additional discount. N-Control agrees with “Customer Dave” that all of our PS3 early adopters deserve to be rewarded for their trust in the Avenger.
N-Control would like to publicly apologize to existing and potential customers, as well as the gaming community at large, for allowing Mr. Christoforo to abuse his power so unforgivably. The Avenger was invented to provide greater accessibility to disabled gamers, and bullying tactics are the last thing that should be associated with this product.
In the effort to dispel various misconceptions that have been forwarded via news reports and social media, N-Control is offering the following clarifications on a variety of subjects:
N-Control has hired an independent consultant, Austin, Texas-based Moisés Chiullan (@moiseschiu), to field press inquiries and oversee sales and marketing operations going forward. They ask that customers and the press alike bear with them as they field the tens of thousands of emails and other messages that N-Control has received. It is his intent that N-Control should respond personally to everyone who has emailed theinfo@avengercontroller.com address regarding this situation.
“We have to move forward and take care of Avenger’s customers,” Chiullan said. “I can’t worry about the fact that there isn’t a bus big enough for me to throw Paul Christoforo under. The internet did that for me. I think they set him on fire too.” He continued, “I just hope that people will have the common decency to leave his wife and child out of all this. They didn’t send those emails, Paul did.”
All PS3 Avenger pre-orders are currently slated to ship by January 15th at the latest. Some orders will ship in advance of January 15th. In consideration of the events of the past two days, N-Control ask their customers to bear with them as they sort out updating individual order estimates. General updates regarding shipping will be regularly delivered to customers starting next week.
At no time during his tenure with N-Control did Mr. Christoforo have direct access to customer credit card information. N-Control does not retain any customer credit card data for online orders, which are all processed via Google Checkout or Paypal.
Ocean Marketing aka Paul Christoforo owns no stake in the Avenger Controller nor N-Control, and does not stand to profit from further sales of the device either through N-Control or authorized resellers.
Contrary to how Mr. Christoforo may have presented events (in public or private), N-Control never directly endorsed nor had knowledge of his communication with customers in the manner found in his correspondence with “Customer Dave”, who still wants his Avengers, despite everything that has transpired.
Steps have been taken to ensure that all future customer communication is transparently visible to management at N-Control. N-Control regrets sincerely that the trust they placed in Mr. Christoforo was so abused and betrayed and, as a result, may have tainted their reputation with existing and potential customers and partners.
Regarding “Afternoon Artists”, a company registered with the Florida Division of Corporations that lists Paul Christoforo as Treasurer, N-Control has the following statement: “This secondary business has never so much as opened a bank account, much less operated in any form outside of paperwork being filed. It was originally intended that Mr. Christoforo would serve as an investor in this company, which, again, has never operated in any capacity, nor will it in the future.”
N-Control employs Eli Schwartz as a part-time Social Media Consultant. He is an enthusiastic high school student who became one of the Avenger’s earliest super fans, meeting the founder at a trade show. Mr. Kotkin is proud to encourage the development of a bright, enthusiastic young person like Eli.
Eli Schwartz is not, however, in charge of Marketing or PR for N-Control. Previous news reports have credited him as Marketing Manager, a title Mr. Schwartz gave himself without the consent or advance knowledge or N-Control management. This occurred during the period of greatest upheaval following Mr. Christoforo’s dismissal, and N-Control regrets that this mixed messaging reached the public. All press inquiries and media requests should instead be directed to Moisés Chiullan at the AvengerDefender@gmail.com address.
Contrary to rumors and speculation, Eli Schwartz’s Twitter account is his own and not controlled by Paul Christoforo. Mr. Schwartz is a minor, and consequently, N-Control would appreciate the press and the public’s discretion in their dealings with him.
For the foreseeable future, N-Control’s official Twitter account will be “@AvengerControl”, as N-Control does not have access to “@NControlAvenger”. N-Control is not responsible for the content of any Twitter feeds associated with Paul Christoforo.
For the foreseeable future, N-Control requests that customers discontinue use of the toll-free phone number displayed on the AvengerController.com website, as well as any other means of contact found there. Instead, customers should direct communication to AvengerDefender@gmail.com. They ask for patience due to the events of the last two days. Keep an eye on @AvengerControl on Twitter for updates.
For more details regarding N-Control and Avenger Controller, contact press agent Moisés Chiullan, at AvengerDefender@gmail.com.
For more information, follow Avenger Controllers on Twitter: @AvengerControl
There you have it all. Thanks again for everyone who has been sending tips and updates in.
Update 27: Daily Dot has an interview with Moisés Chiullan that's worth checking out.
Update 28: According to The Escapist, Christoforo is currently holding the N-Control email and social media accounts hostage.
Update 29: Chiullan has an AMA (Ask me anything...) up on Reddit as of 4 hours ago.
Update 30: Chiullan reached out to me via twitter and stated that Christoforo has suddenly become very willing to work with Avenger.
Original Article:
Even as the holiday season comes to a close, it seems that there are no limitations on what sort of epic douchebaggery still lurks on the internet. Originally reported by Destructoid along with a posting on Reddit, today may live to be one of the worst days in PR history as Penny Arcade published an email thread that transpired between one of its readers and third party peripheral marketer, Ocean Marketing. Dave, the customer in question, preordered a pair of PlayStation 3 controllers that were supposed to be available prior to the Christmas weekend. Following over a month of zero communication, he emailed Paul Christoforo in regards to his order.
With a reply from Christoforo of simply, “December 17”, there’s little to argue in the ambiguity therein, let alone the simple lack of customer service – especially when said buyer is still expected to pay full price for the preordered merchandise. Upon following up, Dave was told that his controllers had yet to ship from China and that any hope of delivery prior to Christmas could no longer be guaranteed. Setting a new precedence for lacking professionalism, Christoforo told his customer to “put on [his] big boy hat and wait it out like everyone else.” Christoforo goes on to sound even more contrived by stating, “feel free to cancel we need the units were back ordered 11,000 units so your 2 will be gone fast. Maybe I’ll put them on eBay for 150.00 myself.”
Once Dave insisted that he would make this correspondence public, Christoforo felt free to let slip the dogs of PR war. “LOL Thanks for the Free PR I know the Editor N Chief of Kotaku , IGN , Engadget I’ll be meeting them at CES.” Christoforo states and goes on to say, “Send that over to Engadget you look like a complete moron swearing and sending your customer service complaints to a magazine as if they will post it or even pay attention do you think you’re the first or the last what are they going to do demand us to tell you were your shipment is or ask for a refund on your behalf … Really ... Welcome to the Internet ? Son Im 38 I wwebsite as on the internet when you were a sperm in your daddys balls and before it was the internet, thanks for the welcome to message wurd up. Grow up you look like a complete child bro. I Don’t have my controller so im gonna cry to the world … Really ?? Hey take that free time and do something more productive. All you had to do was check the like everyone else , people have inquired but you’re the douchiest of them all.” [Poor grammar belongs to Christoforo and has been left intact.]
Shortly thereafter, not only did Mike Krahulik jump in to the conversation, but many of the so-called “connections” Christoforo named in support of him. Scott Lowe quickly moved to disavow any IGN support of Christoforo or Ocean Marketing. Kevin Kelly of G4 and Kotaku’s Brian Crecente additionally did the same. Ocean Marketing’s quick witted response, further demonstrating their professional business acumen was to respond by calling Lowe a douchebag.
Regardless of Krahulik’s intervention, Christoforo’s foolishness could not be satiated. After patronizingly poking fun at the Penny Arcade and PAX founder, he affirmed that he would be at PAX, saying “I can guarantee I’ll get a booth if I want one money buys a lot and connections go even further.” It only gets more shamefully pathetic as the thread gets deeper making for exceptionally entertaining work reading if you’re just rolling into the office post-Christmas holiday.
Disgusting PR aside, this is a basic underlying fact of how you don’t perform customer service – ever. Especially when you drop names that don’t support you or have never even heard of you – and if they have, do nothing but weaken your already poor position – as is the case here. Regardless of how savvy or connected one thinks they may be, the internet has a way of leveraging enough fury to shatter even the most foolproof business plan - even if that plan seems centered on defrauding customers of their pre-purchased products and then being a complete asshat about it when failing to deliver.
Certainly enough, this situation could have easily been weathered by nothing more than exceptional customer service augmented by basic human decency on the part of Ocean Marketing. However, it seems a bit too late for that. Now all that’s left to do is sit back, relax and watch the rest of this situation unfold with popcorn in hand.











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