Tips:  How much, when, and to whom

When my friend Betsey returned from her first trip to London, she brought back a bunch of memories that were truly fond and one that was definitely not. Her experience had to do with a taxi ride from Heathrow Airport and the rather stern cabbie.

After they pulled up to her hotel, Betsey carefully counted out the fare and realized that save for a few extra pence, those were all the British pounds she had. This paltry tip did not impress her driver.

``I think you better keep these coins,'' he said with a sneer. ``You are going to need them more than I do.''

She was stunned. That faux pas was made with the first English person she had met in London. Not a good start.

Unfortunately, trips around the world often produce similar situations when it comes to tipping. Customs can be hard to grasp.

Following is a country-by-country guide that should clear up some of the gray areas.

Scandinavia: It has been my experience that cab drivers in Sweden, Norway, Denmark and Finland do their jobs without expecting any extra cash. So, do not feel obligated to tip. However, the bell and porter staff at most hotels are happy to get a little something for their services and will gladly accept even the smallest sum.

Belgium and the Netherlands: When service is not included in your meal bill, tip as you would in the United States (15 percent to 20 percent). But, when an additional service fee is included, tip a little extra only when the service is of the highest caliber.

Canada and Mexico: Tip all service personnel who have done a good job as much as you would in the United States. In Canada, give Canadian dollars as your gratuity. In Mexico, American bills are widely welcomed.

Australia: Most cabbies do not expect a gratuity, but if the trip has been a long one and the fare is particularly high, it is customary to offer at least a couple of Australian dollars. As for meal service, tip about 10 percent above the service charge.

France: Tip above a service charge only if the service has been truly exceptional.

India: Tip often and to everyone who provides a service. One caveat: Be wary when a person begs for a with an outstretched palm. Often, this person has done nothing to help you.

Japan: Be discreet. Small white envelopes filled with whatever amount you decide is correct are good for giving at the end of a trip to hotel personnel. Exceptions include cab drivers and porters, whom you should tip a modest amount.

Argentina and Hong Kong: Tip a small amount above the service charge in a restaurant but do so in cash to be sure the person helping out actually gets what he or she deserves. Give a hotel staff member a gratuity when it is warranted, but be sure to give it directly to the person who performed the service. For example, give the bell staffer who carried your bags your tip instead of handing the money to the accommodating doorman who will probably be present at tip time.

Iceland: Tipping is not customary.