Medicinal Marijuana Bibliography
General Information on Marijuana as Medicine
Baker, D, Pryce, G, Giovannoni, G. and Thompson, AJ. “The therapeutic potential of cannabis.” The Lancet 2(5) 2003: 291-298.
Beaconsfield, D., Ginsburg, J., and Rainsbury, R. "Therapeutic potential of marihuana." New England Journal of Medicine 289(24) 1973: 1315.
Bhargave, H. "Potential therapeutic application of naturally occurring and synthetic cannabinoids." General Pharmacology 9 1978: 195-213.
Booth, William. "Santa Cruz Defies U.S. on Marijuana: City Officials Vow To Defend Medical Uses." Washington Post 18 Sept. 2002: A3+.
Breen, B. “The Cannabis Conundrum: Medical marijuana could be the next big thing in biotech, but not in the United States.” Fast Company. 5 February 2004. 5 pp.
Callahan, Rick. "Scientists edge closer to understanding how marijuana kills pain." Associated Press 05 Oct. 1998.
Campbell, FA, Tramer, MR, Carroll, D, Reynolds, DJ, Moore, RA, McQuay, HJ. “Are cannabinoids an effective and safe treatment option in the management of pain? A qualitative systematic review. ” British Medical Journal 323(7303) 2001:13-6.
Carter, GT, Weydt, P, Kyashna-Tocha, M and Abrams, DI. Medical cannabis: Rational guidelines for dosing. 2004. 15 pp.
Clark, PA. "The ethics of medical marijuana: government restrictions vs. medical necessity." Journal of Public Health Policy 21(1) 2000:40-60.
Clarke, Robert Connell. Marijuana Botany. 1991.
Conrad, Chris. Hemp for Health: The Medicinal and Nutritional Uses of Cannabis Sativa. Inner Traditions Ltd. 1997. 288 p.
Council on Scientific Affairs. "Marijuana: Its health hazards and therapeutic potentials." Journal of the American Medical Association 246(16) 1981: 1823-1827.
Council on Scientific Affairs; American Medical Association. Featured CSA Report: Medical Marijuana (A-01): Presented at the 2001 Annual Meeting of the AMA as “Report 6 of the Council on Scientific Affairs”. 2001. various pp.
Doblin, R, Kleiman, MR “The medical use of marijuana: The case for clinical trials.” Journal of Addictive Diseases 14(1) 1995: 5-13.
Earleywine, M. Understanding marijuana: A new look at the scientific evidence. Oxford; New York: Oxford University Press. 2002. 326 pp.
Feldman, Harvey W.; Mandel, Jerry. "Providing medical marijuana: The importance of cannabis clubs." Journal of Psychoactive Drugs. 1998. 30(2): 179-186. Field, M, DiCamillo, M. Strong support for implementation of Prop 215, the state's medical marijuana law: Californians' attitudes about the drug have changed over time. San Francisco, CA: Field Research Corporation. 2004. 6 pp.
Fowler, CJ. “Possible involvement of the endocannabinoid system in the actions of three clinically used drugs.” Trends in Pharmacological Sciences. 2004. 25: 59-61.
Golden, T. “Doctors are focus of plan to fight new drug laws: officials deal with narcotics’ medical
use.” New York Times 23 Dec. 1996: A10+.
Gonzalez R, Carey, C, and Grant, I. “Nonacute (Residual) Neuropsychological Effects of Cannabis Use: A Qualitative Analysis and Systemic Review. ” Journal of Clinical Pharmacology 42 2002: 48S-57S.
Grant, I, Gonzalez, R, Carey, C, Natarajan, L., Wolfson, T. “Non-acute (residual) neurocognitive effects of cannabis use: A meta-analysis study. ” Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society 9 2003: 679-689.
Grotenhermen, F, Russo, EB. Cannabis and cannabinoids: Pharmacology, toxicology, and therapeutic potential. New York: Haworth Integrative Healing Press 2002.
Grinspoon, Lester, M.D. Marijuana, the Forbidden Medicine (revised and expanded edition). New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press. 1997. 312 p.
Grinspoon, L., Bakalar, J. "Marihuana as medicine, a plea for reconsideration." Journal of the American Medical Association 273(23) 1995: 1875-1876.
Grinspoon, Lester. Marihuana Reconsidered. 1994.
Golden, Tim. "Doctors are focus of plan to fight new drug laws: officials deal with narcotics’ medical use." New York Times 23 Dec. 1996: A10+.
Hall, WD, Degenhardt, LJ, Currow, D. "Allowing the medical use of cannabis." Medical Journal of Australia 175(1) 2001: 39-40.
Iversen, L. “Cannabis and the brain.” Brain 126 2003: 1252-1270.
Joy, Janet E., Stanley J. Watson, and John A. Benson. Marijuana and medicine: Assessing the science base. Washington, DC: National Academy Press, 1999.
Karst, M and et al. “Analgesic effect of the synthetic cannabinoid CT-3 on chronic neuropathic pain.” JAMA: Journal of the American Medical Association. 2003. 290: 1757-1762.
Kassirer, Jerome P., M.D. "Federal Foolishness and Marijuana." New England Journal of Medicine 336(5) 1997: 366-367.
Khalsa, JH, Genser, S, Francis, H, and Martin B. “Clinical consequences of marijuana.” The Journal of Clinical Pharmacology 42 (11, Suppl.) 2002.
Kreit, A. “Comment: The future of medical marijuana: Should the states grow their own.” University of Pennsylvania Law Review. 2003. 151: 42 pp.
Krylatov, AV and et al. “Endogenous cannabinoids improve myocardian resistance to arrhythmogenic effects of coronary occlusion and reperfusion: A possible mechanism.” Bulletin of Experimental Biology and Medicine. 2002. 133: 144-147.
Kumar, RN, Chambers, WA, Pertwee, RG. "Pharmacological actions and therapeutic uses of cannabis and cannabinoids." Anaesthesia 56(11) 2001: 1059-68.
Mack, Alison; Joy, Janet. Marijuana as Medicine: The Science Beyond the Controversy. Washington, DC: National Academy Press. 2001. 199 p. Policy Project. State by state medical marijuana laws: How to remove the threat of arrest. Washington, DC: Marijuana Policy Project. 2004. 137 pp.
Martinez , Martin; Podrebarar, Francis. The New Prescription: Marijuana as Medicine. 2000.
Mathre, Mary Lynn, Ed. Cannabis in Medical Practice: A Legal, Historical and Pharmacological Overview of the Therapeutic Use of Marijuana. Jefferson, NC: McFarland. 1997. 228 p.
Mechoulam, R, Hanus, L. "Cannabidiol: an overview of some chemical and pharmacological aspects Part I: chemical aspects." Chemistry and Physics of Lipids 121(1-2) 2002: 35-43.
Mikuriya, M.D., Tod, Ed. Marijuana: Medical Papers (1839-1972). Oakland, Calif.: MediComp Press. 1973. 465 p.
Mobilizing Activists & Students for Hemp (M.A.S.H.). A Report to the Illinois economic development policy conference on the economic impact of policies relating to the cannabis plant and drug prohibition. Unpublished. 2002. 5 pp.
Morgan, David R.; Ashton, C. Eds. "Therapeutic Uses of Cannabis." British Medical Association, Ed. 1998.
Nelan, E. "IOM finds scientific merit to medical marijuana." Institute of Medicine. GMHC Treat Issues 13(4) 1999:11-12.
Notcutt, Wand et al. “Initial experience with medicinal extracts of cannabis for chronic pain: Results from 35 'N of 1' studies.” Anaesthesia. 2004. 59: 440-452.
Ogborne, AC, Smart, RG, Weber, T, Birchmore-Timney C. "Who is using cannabis as a medicine and why: an exploratory study." Journal of Psychoactive Drugs 32(4) 2000: 435-43.
O'Leary, Alice M.; Randall, Robert. Marijuana Rx: The Patients' Fight for Medicinal Po.t
Thunder's Mouth Press. 1998. 352 p.
Pacula, RL, Chriqui JF, Reichmann DA, Terry-McElrath YM. "State medical marijuana laws: understanding the laws and their limitations." Journal of Public Health Policy 23(4) 2002: 413-39.
Pillsbury, J. Jim Pillsbury Live: Medical marijuana show. 14 April 2003. 60 mins.
Pollan, Michael. "Living with medical marijuana." New York Times Magazine. July 20, 1997. 22-29, 40, 48, 54-55.
Randall, Robert C. Cancer Treatment & Marijuana Therapy. ISBN: 0-936485-05-1. 365 p.
Randall, R. Marijuana as medicine: Initial steps: Recommendations for the Clinton administration. Washington, DC: Galen Press. 1993. 56 pp.
Randall, Robert C. Marijuana, Medicine & the Law, Volume I: The Direct Testimony. ISBN: 0-936485-02-7. 502 p.
Randall, Robert C. Marijuana, Medicine & the Law, Volume II: Legal Briefs and Decisions . ISBN: 0-936485-04-3. 484 p.
Randall, Robert C. Muscle Spasm, Pain & Marijuana Therapy. ISBN: 0-936485-06-X. 237 p.
Randall, Robert C. Marijuana & AIDS: Pot Politics & PWAs in America. ISBN: 0-936485-07- 8. 196 p.
Robson, P. "Therapeutic aspects of cannabis and cannabinoids." British Journal of Psychiatry. 178 2001:107-15.
Rosenthal, Ed; Gieringer, Dale; Mikuriya, M.D., Tod. Marijuana Medical Handbook: A Guide to
Therapeutic Use. Oakland, Calif.: Quick American Archives. 1997.
Rosenthal, MS, Kleber, HD. "Making sense of medical marijuana." Proceedings of the Association of American Physicians. 111(2) 1999: 159-65.
Russo, EB. “Cannabinoids in Pain Management.” British Medical Journal 323 2001: 1249.
Russo, EB. “Cannabis and cannabis based medicine extracts: Additional results.” Journal of Cannabis Therapeutics. 2003. 3(4): 153-161.
Russo, EB. “Clinical endocannabinoid deficiency (CECD): Can this concept explain therapeutic benefits of cannabis in migraine, fibromyalgia, irritable bowel syndrome and other treatment-resistant conditions.” Neuroendocrinology Letters. 2004. 25: 31-39.
Russo, EB. “Introduction: Cannabis: From pariah to prescription.” Journal of Cannabis Therapeutics. 2003. 3: 1-29.
Russo, EB. “The role of cannabis and cannabinoids in pain management.” Pain management : A practical guide for clinicians Boca Raton: Saint Lucie Press 2002 357-375.
Russo, EB, McPartland, JM. “Cannabis and cannabis extracts: Greater than the sum of their parts.” Journal of Cannabis Therapeutics 1(3/4) 2001: 103-132.
Russo, EB, McPartland, JM. “Cannabis is more than simply tetrahydrocannabinol.”
Psychopharmacology 165 2003: 431-432.
Russo, EB, Mathre, ML, Byrne, A and et al. “Chronic cannabis use in the compassionate
investigational new drug program: An examination of benefits and adverse effects of legal
clinical cannabis. ” Journal of Cannabis Therapeutics 2(1) 2002: 55 pp.
Schurr, A. "Marijuana: Much ado about THC." Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology 80(1)
1985: 1-7.
Schwartz, RH, Voth, EA. “Marijuana as medicine: Making a silk purse out of a sow's ear.” Journal of
Addictive Diseases 14(1) 1995: 15-21.
Snyder, Solomon H. Marijuana: Its Effects on Mind and Body, Encyclopedia of Psychoactive Drugs. Series 1, 1991.
Starks, Michael. Marijuana Chemistry: Genetics, Processing & Potency. 1990.
Taylor, HG. "Analysis of the medical use of marijuana and its societal implications." Journal of
American Pharmaceutical Association 38(2) 1998: 220-7.
Thomas, C and Mirken, B. Effective arguments for medical marijuana advocates. Marijuana
Policy Project. Undated. 11 pp.
Ugdyzhekova, DS and et al. “Activation of cannabinoid receptors decreases the area of ischemic myocardial necrosis.” Bulletin of Experimental Biology and Medicine. 2002. 133(2): 148-150.
Ungerleider, J. and Andrysiak, T. "Therapeutic issues of marijuana and THC." International Journal of Addictions 20(5) 1985: 691-699.
Voth, EA, Schwartz, RH. "Medicinal applications of delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol and marijuana." Annals of Internal Medicine 126(10) 1997: 791-8.
Wade, DT, Robson, P, House, H and et al. “A preliminary controlled study to determine whether whole-plant cannabis extracts can improve intractable neurogenic symptoms.” Clinical Rehabilitation
17 2003: 21-29.
Wall, J, Davis, S, Man, D and et al. “Cannabis: Its therapeutic use.” Nursing Standard 21 2001: (16): 39-44.
Watson, SJ, Benson JA Jr, Joy JE. "Marijuana and medicine: assessing the science base: a summary of the 1999 Institute of Medicine report." Archives of General Psychiatry 57(6) 2000: 547-52.
Williamson, EM, Evans FJ. "Cannabinoids in clinical practice." Drugs 60(6) 2000: 1303-14.
Workman, Bill. "Pot Study in Spotlight: San Mateo County’s Clinical Trial Is a First in U.S." San Francisco Chronicle 25 July 2001: A13+.
Zimmer, PhD, Lynn; Morgan, M.D., John P., Marijuana Myths Marijuana Facts: A Review Of
The Scientific Evidence. New York: The Lindesmith Center. 1997. 264 p.
Zimmerman, Bill, et al. Is Marijuana the Right Medicine for You: A Factual Guide to MedicalUses of Marijuana. New Caanan, Conn.: Keats Publishing. 1998. 200 p.
Zinberg, N. "On cannabis and health." Journal of Psychedelic Drugs 11(1-2) 1979: 135-144.
Medical Marijuana and AIDS/HIV Infection
"Medical marijuana--is it safe?" Project Inform Perspective (31) 2000: 8.
"NIH may fund research into marijuana therapy." Aids Alert 12(4)1997: 45-46.
Abrams, D. "Marijuana, the AIDS Wasting Syndrome, and the U.S. Government." New England Journal of Medicine 333(10) 1995: 670-671.
Abrams, DI and et al. “Short-term effects of cannabinoids in patients with HIV-1 infection.” Annals of
Internal Medicine. 2003. 139(4): 258 - 267.
Abrams, DI and et al. “Summaries for patients: Does marijuana affect viral loads in people with HIV.” Annals of Internal Medicine. 2003. 139(4): 1 p.
Beal JE, Olson, RLL, Morales, JO, Bellman, P, Yangco, B, Lefkowitz, L, Plasse, TF, Shepard, KV. "Dronabinol as a treatment for anorexia associated with weight loss in patients with AIDS." Journal of Pain and Symptom Management 10 1995: 89-97.
Beal JE, Olson, R, Lefkowitz, L, Laubenstein, L, Bellman, P, Yangco, B, Morales, JO, Murphy, R, Powderly, W, Plasse, TF, Mosdell, KW, Shepard, KV. "Long-term efficacy and safety of dronabinol for acquired immunodeficiency syndrome-associated anorexia." Journal of Pain and Symptom Management 14 1997: 7-14.
Bruera, E. "Pharmacological treatment of cachexia: Any progress?" Supportive Care of Cancer 6 1998: 109-113.
Bredt, BM, Higuera-Alhino, D, Shade, SB, Hebert, SJ, McCune, JM, Abrams, DI. "Short-term effects of cannabinoids on immune phenotype and function in HIV-1-infected patients." Journal of Clinical Pharmacology 42(11 Suppl) 2002: 82S-89S.
Dansak, DA. "Medical use of recreational drugs by AIDS patients." Journal of Addictive Diseases 16(3) 1997: 25-30.
Doblin, R. “The medical use of marijuana : A progress report on Dr. Donald Abrams' pilot study comparing smoked marijuana and the oral THC capsule for the promotion of weight gain in patients suffering from the HIV-related wasting syndrome.” Newsletter of the Multidisciplinary Association for Psychedelic Studies 5(1) 1994: 7 pp.
Grinspoon, L, J, and Doblin, R. "Marijuana, the AIDS Wasting Syndrome, and the U.S.
Government; Letter." New England Journal of Medicine 333(10) 1995: 670-671.
Haney, M. "Effects of smoked marijuana in healthy and HIV + marijuana smokers." Journal of Clinical Pharmacology 42(11 Suppl) 2002: 34S-40S.
Kosel, BW, Aweeka, FT, Benowitz, NL, Shade, SB, Hilton, JF, Lizak, PS, Abrams, DI. "The effects of cannabinoids on the pharmacokinetics of indinavir and nelfinavir." AIDS 16(4) 2002: 543-550.
Kotler, DP, Gaetz, HP, Klein, EB, Lange, M, Holt, PR. "Enteropathy associated with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome." Annals of Internal Medicine 101 1984: 421-428.
Kotler, DP, Tierney, AR, Culpepper-Morgan, JA, Wang, J, Peirson, RN. "Effect of home total parental nutrition on body composition in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome". Journal of Parental Nutrition 14 1990: 454-458.
Kotler, DP, Tierney, AR, Dilmanian, FA, Kamen, Y, Wang, J, Pierson Jr, RN, Weber, D. "Correlation between total body potassium and total body nitrogen in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome." Clinical Research 39 1991: 649A.
Kotler, DP, Tierney, AR, Wang, J, Pierson, RN. "Magnitude of body-cell-mass depletion and the timing of death from wasting in AIDS." American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 50 1989: 444-447.
Kotler, DP, Wang, J, Pierson ,RN. "Studies of body composition in patients with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome." American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 42 1985: 1255-1265.
Russo, EB. Cannabis therapeutics in HIV/AIDS New York: Haworth Integrative Healing Press 2001 230 pp.
Suttmann, U, Ockenga, J, Selberg, 0, Hoogestraat, L, Deicher, H, Muller, MJ. "Incidence and prognostic value of malnutrition and wasting in human immunodeficiency virus-infected outpatients." Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome and Human Retrovirology 8 1995: 239-246.
Timpone, JG, Wright, DJ, Li N, Egorin, MJ, Enama, ME, Mayers, J, Galetto, G, DATRI 004 Study Group. "The safety and pharmacokinetics of single-agent and combination therapy with megestrol acetate and dronabinol for the treatment of HIV wasting syndrome: The DATRI 004 study group."
AIDS Research and Human Retroviruses 13 1997: 305315.
Wang, ZM, Visser, M, Ma, R, Baumgartner, RN, Kotler, DP, Gallagher, D, Heymsfield, SB. "Skeletal muscle mass: Validation of neutron activation and dual energy X-ray absorptiometry methods by computerized tomography." Journal of Applied Physiology 80 1996: 824-831.
Medical Marijuana and Glaucoma
Aim, A., Camras, CB, Watson, PG. "Phase III latanoprost studies in Scandanavia, the United
Kingdom and the United States." Survey of Ophthalmology 41 1997: S105-S110.
Alward, WL. "Medical management of glaucoma." The New England Journal of Medicine 339 1998:1298-1307.
Camras, CB, Aim, A, Watson, P, Stjernschantz, J. "Latanoprost, a prostaglandin analog, for glaucoma therapy: Efficacy and safety after 1 year of treatment in 198 patients Latanoprost Study Groups." Ophthalmology 103 1996:1916-1924.
Chauhan, BC, Drance, SM. "The relationship between intraocular pressure and visual field progression in glaucoma." Graefe's Archives for Clinical and Experimental Ophthalmology 230 1992: 521-526.
Cooler, P, Gregg, JM. "Effect of delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol on intraocular pressure in humans." Southern Medical Journal 70 1977:951-954.
Crawford, WJ, Merritt, JC. "Effects of tetrahydrocannabinol on arterial andintraocular hypertension." International Journal of Clinical Pharmacology and Biopharmacy 17 1979:191-196.
Follmann, P, Paltotas, C, Suveges, I, Petrovits, A. "Nocturnal blood pressure and intraocular pressure measurement in glaucoma patients and healthy controls." International Ophthalmology 20 1996-1997: 83-87.
Goldberg, I., Kass, M. and Becker, B. "Marijuana as a treatment for glaucoma." Sightsaving Review 48(4) 1978-1979: 147-154.
Green, K. "Marijuana smoking vs cannabinoids for glaucoma therapy." Archives of Ophthalmology 116(11) 1998: 1433-1437.
Green, K, Roth M. "Ocular effects of topical administration of delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol in man." Archives of Ophthalmology 100 1982: 265-267.
Green, L. "Marijuana effects on intraocular pressure." Applied, Pharmacology in the Medical
Treatment of Glaucomas 1984: 507-526.
Hayreh SS, Zimmerman MB, Podhajsky P, Alward W. "Nocturnal arterial hypotension and its role in optic nerve head and ocular ischemic disorders." American Journal of Ophthalmology 117 1994: 603-624.
Hepler, RS, Frank, IR. "Marihuana smoking and intraocular pressure." Journal of the American
Medical Association 217(10) 1971:1392.
Jay, WM, Green, K. "Multiple-drop study of topically applied 1%, A9-tetrahydrocannabinol in human
eyes". Archives of Ophthalmology 101 1983: 591-593.
Jones RT, Benowitz NL, Heming RI. "Clinical relevance of cannabis tolerance and
dependence". Journal of Clinical Pharmacology 21 1981:143S-152S.
Kaufman, PL. "Marijuana and glaucoma." Archives of Ophthalmology 116(11) 1998: 1512-1513.
Leske, MC, Connell, AM, Schachat, AP, Hyman, L. "The Barbados Eye Study: Prevalence of open angle glaucoma." Archives of Ophthalmology 112 1994: 821-829.
Lichter, PR. "A wolf in sheep's clothing." Ophthalmology 95 1988:149-150.
Merritt, J. "Glaucoma, hypertension, and marijuana." Journal of the National Medical Association 74(8) 1982: 715-716.
Merritt, J. et al. "Topical delta-8-tetrahydrocannabinol as a potential glaucoma agent." Glaucoma 4
1982: 253-255.
Merritt, J., Crawford, W., Alexander, P., Anduze, A. and Gelbart, S. "Effect of marihuana on intraocular and blood pressure in glaucoma. " Ophthalmology 87(3) 1980: 222-228.
Merritt, J., Perry, D., Russell, D. and Jones, B. "Topical delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol and aqueous dynamics in glaucoma." Journal of Clinical Pharmacology 21(8-9) 1981: 467S-471S.
Porcella, A, Casellas, P, Gessa, GL, Pani, L. "Cannabinoid receptor CB1 mRNA is highly expressed in the rat ciliary body: implications for the antiglaucoma properties of marihuana." Brain Research Molecular Brain Research 58(1-2) 1998: 240-245.
Porcella, A, Maxia, C, Gessa, GL, Pani, L. "The synthetic cannabinoid WIN55212-2 decreases the intraocular pressure in human glaucoma resistant to conventional therapies." European Journal of Neuroscience 13(2) 2001: 409-412.
Shapiro, D. "The ocular manifestations of the cannabinoids." Opthalmologica 168 1974: 366-369.
Zimmerman, T. "Efficacy in glaucoma treatment -- the potential of marijuana." Annals of Ophthalmology 12(4)1980: 449-450.
Medical Marijuana and Cancer
Bateman, D.C., Rawlins, M. "Therapeutic potential of cannabinoids." British Medical Journal 284 1982: 1211-1212. "Cannabinoids for nausea." The Lancet 1(8214) 1981: 255-256.
Chang, A. et al. "Delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol as an antiemetic in cancer patients Receiving high- dose methotrexate. " Annals of Internal Medicine 91(6) 1979: 819-824.
Doblin, R., Kleiman, M. "Marijuana as antiemetic medicine: A survey of oncologists' experiences and attitudes" Journal of Clinical Oncology 9(7) 1991: 1314-1319.
Frytek, S., Moertel, C.G. "Management of nausea and vomiting in the cancer patient." Journal of
American Medical Association 245 1981: 394-396.
Gralla, RJ, Tyson, LB, Borden, LB, et al. "Antiemetic therapy: A review of recent studies and a report of a random assignment trial comparing metoclopramide with delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol." Cancer Treatment Reports 68 1984: 163-172.
Hornby, PJ. "Central neurocircuitry associated with emesis." American Journal of Medicine 111(Suppl 8A) 2001:106S-112S.
Jenkins, P. "Cannabis used in new cancer technology." Financial Times 26 Aug. 2002, late ed.: 18+.
Kutner, Michael H. "Evaluation of the Use of Both Marijuana and THC in Cancer Patients for the Relief of Nausea and Vomiting Associated with Cancer Chemotherapy after Failure of Conventional Anti-Emetic Therapy: Efficacy and Toxicity" as prepared for the Composite State Board of Medical Examiners, Georgia Department of Health, by physicians and researchers at Emory University, Atlanta, (January 20, 1983).
Levitt, M, Faiman, C, Hawks, R, et al. "Randomized double-blind comparison of delta-9-THC and marijuana as chemotherapy antiemetics." Proceedings of the American Society for Clinical Oncology 3 1984: 91.
Noyes R Jr, Brunk, SF, Baram, DA, Canter, A. "Analgesic effect of delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol." Journal of Clinical Pharmacology 15(2-3) 1975:139-43.
Noyes R Jr, Brunk, SF, Baram, DA, Canter, A. Sallan, S.E., Cronin, C. Zelen, M., Zinberg, N.E. "Antiemetics in patients receiving chemotherapy for cancer: A randomized comparison of delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol and prochlorperazine. " New England Journal of Medicine 302(3) 1980: 135-138.
Parker LA, Mechoulam, R,Schlievert,C. "Cannabidiol, a non-psychoactive component of cannabis and its synthetic dimethylheptyl homolog suppress nausea in an experimental model with rats." Neuroreport 13(5) 2002: 567-70.
Parker LA, Mechoulam R, Schlievert, C, Abbott, L, Fudge, ML, Burton, P. "Effects of cannabinoids on lithium-induced conditioned rejection reactions in a rat model of nausea." Psychopharmacology 166(2) 2003: 156-62.
Sallan, S.E., Zinberg, N.E., Ferei, E., III, "Antiemetic effect of delta-9- tetrahydrocannabinol in patients receiving cancer chemotherapy." New England Journal of Medicine 293(16) 1975: 795- 797.
Schwartz, RH, Beveridge, RA. "Marijuana as an antiemetic drug: how useful is it today? Opinions from clinical oncologists." Journal of Addictive Diseases 14(1) 1994: 5-14.
Ungerleider, J., Andrysiak, T., Fairbanks, L., Goodnight, J., Sama, G. and Jamison, K. "Cannabis and cancer chemotherapy: A comparison of oral delta-9-THC and prochlorperazine." Cancer 50(4) 1982: 636-645.
Vinciguerra, V., Moore, T., Brennab, E. "Inhalation marijuana as an antiemetic for cancer chemotherapy. " N.Y. State Journal of Medicine 1988: 525-527.
Medical Marijuana and Epilepsy, Multiple Sclerosis, Spinal Cord Injury
Ames, F. and Cridland, S. "Anticonvulsant effects of cannabidiol." South Africa Medical Journal 69 1986: 14.
Baker, D. et al. "Cannabinoids control spasticity and tremor in a multiple sclerosis model." Nature 84, January 2000: 84-87.
Baker, D, Pryce, G “The therapeutic potential of cannabis in multiple sclerosis.” Expert Opinion on Investigational Drugs 12(4) 2003: 291-298.
Campbell, FA, Tramer, MR, Carroll, D, Reynolds, DJ, Moore, RA, McQuay, HJ. "Are cannabinoids an effective and safe treatment option in the management of pain? A qualitative systematic review." British Medical Journal 323(7303) 2001:13-6.
Clark, AJ, Ware, MA, Yazer, E and et al. “Patterns of cannabis use among patients with multiple sclerosis.” Neurology. 2004. 62(11): 2098-2100.
Clifford, D.B. "Tetrahydrocannabinol for tremor in multiple sclerosis." Annals of Neurology 13 1983:
669- 671.
Consroe, P, Musty, R, Rein, J, Tillery,W, Pertwee, R. "The perceived effects of smoked cannabis on patients with multiple sclerosis." European Neurology 38(1) 1997: 44-8.
Consroe, P., Wood, G., and Buchsbaum, H. "Anticonvulsant nature of marijuana smoking." Journal of the American Medical Association 234 1975: 306-307.
Dunn, M. and Davis, R. "The perceived effects of marijuana on spinal cord injured males." Paraplegia 12 1974: 175.
Greenberg HS, Werness, SA, Pugh, JE, Andrus, RO, Anderson, DJ, Domino, EF. "Short-term effects of smoking marijuana on balance in patients with multiple sclerosis and normal volunteers." Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics 55 1994: 324-328.
Gross, DW, Hamm, J, Ashworth, NL and Quigley, D. “Marijuana use and epilepsy.” Neurology. 2004. 62(11): 2095-2097.
Karler, R., Cely, W., and Turkanis, S. "The anticonvulsant activity of cannabidiol and cannabinol."
Sciences 13 1973: 1527-1531.
Killestein, J, Hoogervorst, ELJ, Reif, M, et al. “Immunomodulatory effects of orally administered cannabinoids in multiple sclerosis.” Journal of Neuroimmunology 137 2003: 140-143.
Killestein J, Hoogervorst EL, Reif M, Kalkers NF, Van Loenen AC, Staats PG, Gorter RW,
Uitdehaag BM, Polman CH. "Safety, tolerability, and efficacy of orally administered cannabinoids in MS." Neurology 58(9) 2002:1404-7.
Maurer, M., Henn, V., Dittrich A., Hoffamn, A., 1990. "Delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol shows antispastic and analgesic effects in a single case double-blind trial." European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience 240 1990: 1-4.
Meinck, H.M., Schonle, P.W., Conrad, B. 1989. "Effect of Cannabinoids on Spasticity and Ataxia in multiple sclerosis." Journal of Neurology 236: 120-122. MSNBC. Deborah Norville Tonight: Montel Williams. MSNBC. 29 January 2004. 25 mins.
Muller-Vahl, KR, Kolbe, H, Schneider, U, Emrich, HM. "Cannabis in movement disorders." Forsch Komplementarmed 6(Suppl 3) 1999: 23-7.
Ng, SKC, Brust, JCM, Hauser, WA, Susser, M. "Illicit drug use and the risk of new onset seizures." American Journal of Epidemiology 132 1990: 47-57. Pertwee, RG. “Cannabinoids and multiple sclerosis.” Pharmacology & Therapeutics 95 2002: 165- 174
Petro, D. "Marihuana as a therapeutic agent for muscle spasm of spasticity." Psychosomatics 21 1980: 81, 85.
Petro, D., Ellenberger, C., Jr. "Treatment of human spasticity with delta-9- tetrahydrocannabinol." Journal of Clinical Pharmacology 21(8-9 Suppl.) 1981:413S-416S.
Porter AC, Felder, CC. "The endocannabinoid nervous system: unique opportunities for therapeutic intervention." Pharmacology & Therapeutics 90(1) 2001: 45-60.
Schon, F, Hart, PE, Hodgson, TL, et al. “Suppression of pendular nystagmus by smoking cannabis in a patient with multiple sclerosis.” Neurology 53 1999: 2209-2210.
Smith, PF. "Cannabinoids in the treatment of pain and spasticity in multiple sclerosis." Current Opinion in Investigational Drugs 3(6) 2002:859-64.
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Comments
But Schedule I drugs are unsafe, highly abusable and have no accepted use in medical treatment in the United States; so that "medical" stuff is all nonsense.
I personally derive benefit from medical cannabis use. Richard Streeb has been misled by lies and propaganda.
In my recent book, The Truth About Fibromyalgia, I point out that disrupted sleep patterns prevent the limbic system from recharging, leading to lack of pain inhibition and sympathetic overactivity. Pain receptors are found to be diminished. One study suggested that the cannabinoid system can be targeted as PARTIAL therapy--namely Nabilone--but other chemicals (serotonin, GABA esp.) are also important. Fibro is one of several resulting Central Sensitivity Syndromes that include irritable bowel, migraine, chronic fatigue, etc.and is a neurological disorder...a must read.
Richard Steeb would make a fine little communist (Red Guard) control freak with a little mind and less education, who obviously has never used marijuana; making his knowledge on the subject "null and void";and should shut up about things he knows nothing about.
WOW! Great Bibliography!! Thanks for sharing the truth, instead of pardisinformation/propaganda.
And here's a few credible health organizations supporting access to medical Cannabis (marijuana). Let's bury the "no medical support" myth once and for all:
PART 1 - American Academy of Family Physicians, American College of Physicians, American Medical Student Association, American Nurses Association, American Preventive Medical Association, American Public Health Association, American Society of Addiction Medicine, Arthritis Research Campaign (United Kingdom), Australian Medical Association (New South Wales), Limited Australian National Task Force on Cannabis, Belgian Ministry of Health, British House of Lords Select Committee On Science and Technology (First & Second Report), British Medical Association, Canadian AIDS Society, Canadian Special Senate Committee on Illegal Drugs, Health Canada, Kaiser Permanente, Leukemia and Lymphoma Society, Lymphoma Foundation of America, cont'd
PART 2 - HEALTH ORGANIZATIONS SUPPORTING ACCESS TO MEDICAL CANNABIS:
Multiple Sclerosis Society (Canada), The Multiple Sclerosis Society (United Kingdom), National Association for Public Health Policy, National Nurses Society on Addictions, Netherlands Ministry of Health, New South Wales (Australia), New England Journal of Medicine, AIDS Action Council, AIDS Treatment News, Parliamentary Working Party on the Use of Cannabis for Medical Purposes, Dr. Andrew Weil, Alaska Nurses Association, Being Alive: People With HIV/AIDS Action Committee (San Diego, CA), California Academy of Family Physicians, California Nurses Association, California Pharmacists, Colorado Nurses Association, Connecticut Nurses Association, Florida Governor's Red Ribbon Panel on AIDS, Florida Medical Association, Hawaii Nurses Association, Illinois Nurses Association, Life Extension Foundation, Medical Society of the State of New York, the Minnesota AIDS Council, New York State Nurses Association, cont'd...
PART 3 - HEALTH ORGANIZATIONS SUPPORTING ACCESS TO MEDICAL CANNABIS:
Medical Student Section of the American Medical Association, Mississippi Nurses Association, New Jersey State Nurses Association, New Mexico Medical Society, New Mexico Nurses Association, New York County Medical Society, New York State Nurses Association, North Carolina Nurses Association, Rhode Island Medical Society, Rhode Island State Nurses Association, San Francisco Mayor's Summit on AIDS and HIV, San Francisco Medical Society, Vermont Medical Marijuana Study Committee, Virginia Nurses Association, Whitman-Walker Clinic (Washington, DC), Wisconsin Nurses Association, etc...
And this is just a tiny glimpse of the overall international medical support for Medical Cannabis, which was already formally included in the U.S. Pharmacopoeia from the mid-1800s until 1942; and is currently legal -- in its whole-plant natural form -- in Canada, the Netherlands, Spain, Italy, and nearly a quarter of the U.S. (13 States
And from the American College of Physicians (ACP):
“A CLEAR DISCORD exists between the scientific community and federal legal and regulatory agencies over the medicinal value of marijuana, which impedes the expansion of research.”
“Given marijuana’s PROVEN EFFICACY at treating certain symptoms and its relatively low toxicity, reclassification would reduce barriers to research and increase availability of cannabinoid drugs to patients who have failed to respond to other treatments.”
The ACP is the largest medical specialty organization in the U.S, representing 124,000 members specializing in internal medicine and related subspecialties, including cardiology, neurology, pulmonary disease, oncology and infectious diseases. The ACP publishes "Annals of Internal Medicine", the most widely cited medical specialty journal in the world.
To find the rest of the ACP's recent position paper, Google the following:
ACP NEWS - Supporting Research into the Therapeutic Role of Mar
To read the American College of Physician's recent position paper on Medical Cannabis, Google the following:
ACP News - Supporting Research into the Therapeutic Role of Marijuana
A formidable list of proponents - so why does the FDA say there's 'no evidence if it's therapeutic use in medicine' ?? Maybe the FDA and others only care about money....
The under-staffed and under-funded FDA "fast tracks" killer-pharmaceuticals through their trials "process". For instance, Vioxx passed through the FDA's process with flying colors -- in record time -- and then it killed close to 30,000 people (the size of my hometown) from sudden cardiac "events", in just a few years, according to the FDA.
Cannabis, on the other hand, has never killed from toxicity in thousands of years, despite MILLIONS and MILLIONS of people using it. This is truly remarkable!
Shouldn't we have the right to choose medications, like Cannabis, that cannot kill us from toxicity?
Too many people know the truth for the FDA-charade to continue. The longer the FDA tries to keep up this blatant and shameful lie ("Cannabis has no medical value") the more foolish and less credible they appear. The FDA is basically trying to re-write history and science by lying about Cannabis's well-known medical efficacy.
Blocking access to safe medicine is unconscionable.
Endt
Pot Prohibition is a government, pharmaceutical industry and prison institutional CASH COW. Money and Greed are the real reasons Cannabis was made illegal in 1937. anyone with a brain knows this.
actually to be quite frank with all of u i have used weed for 10 years for migraines and anxiety attacks and so far its the only thing that has helped. i did my research and the main reason it was made illegal was (test showed that African Americans who use the drug are twice as likely to become aggressive and it was an addictive narcotic) that is in the medical directory published in 1937 and yes it was about control and greed. what a lovely statement coming from our government who never actually did tests to back up this allegations. as well it was a common practice for our government to take away land from our natives who used natural methods of medicine and used it in religious practices. this was the only (legal) way the gov. could take there land. i would suggest people do there home work before commenting about this issue. making cigarettes , beer codeine, and Valium illegal should be the issue here. these drugs cause more death and are highly addictive. I'm a smoker and addicte
yes steeb is a moron and needs to judge himself before pointing a finger
learn the facts our Constitution was supposed to be about freedom and not control George Washington himself used weed for medical purposes and our forefather's would role over in there grave if they saw the greed and humility this country has bestowed on there names
i feel that we were founded on the principle of freedom but we now are a nation of suppression.
there is no freedom when we cant smoke a joint in our own home without the cops bursting in our house and the threat of prison.
this is not the 30s grow a pair and stand up for what u believe in ppl.
lets make these cigs. and alk. illegal so people like me wont become addicted to them. these are the top two killers in the country and are targeted by a death tax.witch is quite against our Constitution as well. but yet we allow our government to target smokers and alcoholics
If I might just jump in here to say: Richard Steeb was being ironic.
@Richard Steeb
other comments addressed the reason why it's schedule 1, touching on the fact of misguiding propaganda used in the 1930s, so i'll only make 1 comments regarding that.. the marihuana tax act is the BIGGEST lie ever told to you by the government (and the govt. is known for some pretty big lies).
your comment absolutely reeks of misinformation and ignorance. fact- marijuana is LESS addictive than caffeine. fact- 14 states out of 50 have deemed marijuana to have medicinal properties (with possibly 16 more on the way). fact-the biggest problem of prohibition is reality down in mexico.. our outlawing of a benign plant has indirectly contributed to the deaths of 25,000 human beings.. while marijuana itself has contributed to 0.. ever.. throughout known history. i suggest that you better inform yourself if you ever want to be taken seriously.
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