Pakistan & Terror: Part 1 (1947 – 79)
As I write this, the Pakistani army is on the verge of taking Mingora, the largest city in the Swat Valley located in the North-West Frontier Province – a victory which could deliver a percussive blow to the Taliban in a conflict that has so far produced 1.9 million Pakistani refugees. Meanwhile, a top U.S. general in eastern Afghanistan said he is seeing “some very interesting movement” of insurgents crossing into Pakistan this spring, possibly to join the Taliban militants. Um, yes…possibly. One step forward …and two back.
The Taliban’s rise in Pakistan should shock no one, especially after reviewing the history of this perpetually failing incubator of global terrorism – it is a story with which the U.S. should empathize. Because the United States is all too familiar with Frankensteinian endeavors, especially the case in which, during Afghanistan’s struggle against the Soviets in the 80s, the U.S. funded and supported the Afghanistan mujahedeen which would later became al-Qaeda. Sharing in this sad historical irony is Pakistan, whose Inter-Services Intelligence (ISI) agency was the conduit for channeling U.S. funds to Bin Laden and company during this same time period. Thus, Pakistan both directly and indirectly helped spawn al-Qaeda, which in turn helped create the Taliban. As the U.S. did on 9/11, it is Pakistan who is now reaping the whirlwind from a beast they helped actuate.
Pakistan’s problems began at its birth in 1947. As India achieved independence through nonviolent means, Pakistan was partitioned off as a separate state by the former ruling Brits, and India complied to avoid a bloody civil war sure to ensue should the “achieve Pakistan” movement not get its way. Because the first time India tried to block an agreement to form a Pakistani state, the Muslim League incited the Great Calcutta Riot on August 16, 1946 which killed 4,000 Muslims, Hindus and Sikhs.
Ironically, the founder of Pakistan and leader of the Muslim League, Muhammad Ali Jinnah, wanted to establish a secular democracy. But after Jinnah’s death in 1948, instead of a state for Muslims, Pakistan was eventually transformed into a Muslim state.
In addition to the theocratic element, Pakistani journalist Ahmed Rashid says that Pakistan inherited a “security state” from British rule, described by scholars as “the viceregal tradition” or “a permanent state of martial law”. Christopher Hitchens describes how the country was doomed to be a dysfunctional military theocracy from day one – beginning with the very name of the country itself:
But then, there is a certain hypocrisy inscribed in the very origins and nature of "Pakistan". The name is no more than an acronym, confected in the 1930s at Cambridge University by a NW Muslim propagandist named Chaudhri Rahmat Ali. It stands for Punjab, Afghania, Kashmir, and Indus-Sind, plus the suffix "-stan," meaning "land." In the Urdu tongue, the resulting word means "Land of the Pure." The country is a cobbling together of regional, religious, and ethnic nationalisms, and its founding, in 1947, resulted in Pakistan's becoming, along with Israel, one of the two "faith-based" states to emerge from the partitionist policy of a dying British colonialism. Far from being a "Land of the Pure," Pakistan is one of the clearest demonstrations of the futility of defining a nation by religion, and one of the textbook failures of a state and a society.
And from day one the new nation of Pakistan was knee deep in blood, at first due to the crown’s untidy exit. The British brilliance of leaving the question of a Muslim-dominated Kashmir undecided, combined with the Pakistan government’s ever growing militant Islamic fundamentalism led to the 1948 Kashmir War, the first of three with India between 1947 and 1971.
Pakistan periodically attempted civilian rule, only to be usurped by the military throughout its history. In 1956, Pakistan actually became a Republic, but it was short-lived, because General Ayub Khan executed a coup d’état and then made himself president from 1958 to 1965. Yahya Khan then took over, and in 1971 sent troops into East Pakistan, touching off Bangladesh's War of Independence. He also attacked India on 12-6-71, and was defeated on 12-21-71.
Civilian rule resumed under Zulfikar Ali Bhutto from 1972 to 1977, a period during which a parliamentary system of government was implemented, although Bhutto was no reformer and was hung for murderig a political opponent. Bhutto was deposed by General Zia-ul-Haq who became the country's third military president. Zia introduced Islamic Sharia legal code, banned politics, censored media, and implemented public floggings and torture. Rashid has called Zia’s 11-year rule the most damaging to Pakistani society.
Hitchens sums up Pakistan’s history nicely: “Pakistan has been a fiefdom of the military for most of its short existence: as was once said of Prussia, it is not a country that has an army, but an army that has a country.” So, taking all of this in, once more, current events in Pakistan should not shock.
What does shock, however, is the role the U.S. has played in assisting Pakistan go from bad to worse. Since 1957 the U.S. had provided Pakistan hundreds of millions of dollars per year in military aid to help fight the Soviets. Reagan supported General Zia’s administration because we needed Pakistan’s help to beat the Communists, while turning a blind eye throughout the 80s to the fact that this mad tyrant was ruling over a repressive Islamic theocracy that was going nuclear. As I will discuss in my next article, it was during this time that the United States also began building another marvelous creation that would haunt them years later, that being one of the most formidable intelligence agencies in the world: the ISI.
NEXT ARTICLE: Part II - The Rise of al-Qaeda & the Taliban (1980 – 2001)
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Comments
Kurt, you stand corrected on a couple of points.
Ayub Khan was president of Pakistan only through 1965. Yahya Khan took over, and in 1971 sent troops into East Pakistan, touching off Bangladesh's War of Independence. He also attacked India on 12-6-71, and was defeated on 12-21-71.
Reagan didn't help Zia-ul Haq in 1979, like you say, because he didn't take office until 1981. Jimmy Carter was in office in 1979.
Ali Bhutto's civilian administration was repressive, and he wound up being han
(cont)
Ali Bhutto wound up being hanged for ordering the murder of a political opponent. He was no democratic reformer.
thanks luis - corrections in process
Thank you for the brief true article.
War of Kashmir started in 1947 itself. Pakistan took over the land by the end of 1947. From then on the war completed in 1948 when Nehru went to UN and concluded the war.
After three wars Pakistan knows that they can not win a war with India. Pakistani leadsership has gotten used to the $$S through US aid. If US does not provide it they goto Saudi Arabia. The present problem is so bad, in my opinion, the leadership is doing anything to get the $s. In the
Great review on Pakistan. I am a witness to most of your points that you made in Pakistan including the creation of Taliban, systematic destruction of Afghanistan civil society by ISI. I have been witness to the situations where local war lords were offered cash and support by ISI in return for the demolishing dams in Ghazni, Afghanistan. I have been witness to the projects funded by ISI to pull the telephone and power lines from cities after its brief control by local commanders in Ghazni, pa
Thanks for the information. The situation in Pakistan is very worrying and though I think President Obama is (as predecessors undoubtedly were) is well intentioned in this arena, I'm not at all confident that we can do anything there. I'd like to hear from more Pakistani civilians about their ideas.
Very informative history of Pakistan! I can't wait to read the next edition! I saw a documentary by the BBC that talked about the rise of Islamic fundamentalism and terrorist organizations, which at least in part was due to our role in funding the Mujahadeen to fight the Soviets. It seems history is quickly forgotten.
Ayub Khan was in power till 1969... A LOT OF FACTUAL BULL ABOUT AID WHICH WAS TURNED OFF DURING CRITICAL HOURS OF NEED.
A perverted rendition of history-- part of the biased propaganda campagn against Pakistan. The only problems in Pakistan are those cause by the occupation of Afghanistan and mercenaries sent by India to destabilize Pakistan. India has tried to destabilize Nepal, perpetuated 30 years of terror on Lanka, interfered in Bhutan, Sikkim and Bangladesh.
Most of the "aid" is loands--pennies on the Dollar. Out of $10 billion, $5 billion was for reimbursement. Hlaf of new "aid" is to be spent on expanding US emabassies. Kisisnger threatened ZA Bhutoo, and Sy Hersch said that McCrystal's goons assasinated Benazir. The US supported the dictators. Pakistan helped the US during the cold war and against the USSR. Ingrates have slective amnesia and only berate the "most abused friend".
Editor Rupee News
In 1945 election held under the British, the people were given the choice to join either India by voting for Congress or join Pakistan by voting for Muslim League. People of the provinces in current day Pakistan and Bangladesh voted for Muslim League and for their independence. When someone starts writing an article on the premises that attaining independence was wrong for Pakistanis, the rest of the article. Saddam was not the only one under the delusion that a sovereign country Kuwait belonged to Iraq. Hamas is not the only group of people that deny Israel, a sovereign country's right to exist. A majority of Indians believe that Pakistan should cease to exist and its territory included in India. This author presents arguments given by such Indians.
Ancestors of the people living in todays Pakistan were Buddhists until the introduction of Islam in 14th century. Buddhism is a religion of Peace.These people were so peaceful indeed that they never offered any significant resistance to invading armies since the time of Alexander of Macedonia. Their new religion Islam brought Sufi-ism into this territory which again is a peaceful version of Islam. The militant Wahabi Islam was introduced in India during the time of British Raj but it never became a popular sect in Pakistani territory. Tribal people in North Pakistan are all followers of Sufi Islam. These Wahabi Taliban were introduced during war against Soviet Union. Those powers which brought these Wahabis here, they are still helping them. They are able to keep the mouths of leadership closed either by threat or by bribes.
This author seems to be on the payroll of Indians. Most Indians have not accepted the presence of Pakistan since 1947 and will leave no stone unturned to vilify it. Pakistan has its problems and so does India. More than half of Indians live below poverty line, a dozen or so insurgencies in India, Hindu-Muslim riots, Hindu-Christian riots, Indian interference in all its neighbors affairs. India knows it cannot fight a war with Pakistan as well, otherwise it'll be wiped off the map. All it can do is try to vilify and many in the West are too ignorant(like this author) to take their word.
Superficially researched article, with poor interpretations showing an appalling lack of knowledge of the subject matter. Chicago examiner should maintain higher quality standards. Article is riddled with too many faults to rebut in detail.
let me save the job of pakistani brigade by posting their comments myself
1) the author is on indian payroll
2) trouble in baluchistan is by indian agents
3) taliban is funded by indian agents ( that makes this author a taliban i suppose )
4) america cheats. all americans cheat
5) india is poor. poverty line blah blah
6) if we decide we can wipe india off the map
7) but we need america to get kashhmir for us
8) america wants to destroy pakistan. pakistan should keep away from the christian america
9) but american money is perfectly halal. give us more of it
Excellent article. Very well researched and great analysis. Pakistan since its birth has blood on its hands. Pakistanis want to kill the messenger but never try to understand the message! Indians have not accepted Pakistan is Total BS. If Indians had not accepted Pakistan there would be no diplomatic missions, no cricket and hockey matches, and India would have created trouble at the UN not to accept Pakistan as a state... Pakistanis hate when they are shown a Mirror... They will attack and state lies even though their holy book strictly mentions not to lie... India defeated Pakistan in 1971 and took 900000 Pakistani soldiers POW. India could have easily solved the Kashmir problem then and there, but Z.A Bhutto pleaded and begged the PM Indira Ghandhi for a facing exit! He promised to resolve all bilateral issues between India-Pak under the Simla Agreement, which he signed and the Pakistani nation has dumped since. Pakistan signs agreements but never keeps its word. Same old Same old..
An interesting thing to note is that some US commanders are seen Taliban infilterating into Pakistan from Afghanistan. What the hell are they doing? why don't they stop them? If fighters enter from Pakistan into Afghanistan then they whine about that.. amazing hypocricy!!
On the other hand the article starts at the wrong foot. India gained independence via peaceful means abd Pakistan was separated from it.. BULL... Pakistan was made based upon election results.. and Pakistan was formed on Aug 14, 1947 while India was formed on Aug 15, 1947.. Using the author's own standards, India was separated from Pakistan..
India has a history of inciting unrest in its neighbors.. India flamed the independence movement in East Pakistan.. It did not capture 900K Pakistani soldiers.BULL..Pakistan never had such a huge army..
India promised plebiscite in Kashmir which it never fulfilled..
If India could wipe out Pakistan it will do it.. only nuclear war heads is stopping them.
@Imran
Its 90K if that's the figure you are looking for. 900K was a typo. Fact is the Brave Pakistani army did surrender! When Pakistan surrendered, India had a great opportunity to end the Kashmir dispute (so-called), by making it a requirement to release the brave 90K Pakistani soldiers, who surrendered in less than 15 days. But India was not as mean as Pakistan and gave Bhutto a Face saving exit on the promise that he will have this resolved under the Simla Agreement. Dispute that my friend? What Agreements has Pakistan ever upheld?? Lahore Agreement signed by Nawaz Sharif and A.B Vajpayee in 1999 was again dishonored by Musharaff by backstabbing India by doing Kargil War... Which Pakistan again lost BTW. Kashmir Plebiscite was based on certain requirements/agreement, which Pakistan as usual never fulfilled... Same old same old... Pakistan and its leaders are a country of Deal Makers and they never fulfill their part of the Deal. Hence Pakistan is the Migrane of this World.
@Imran
Elections and that too in Pakistan??? This is what we call joke of the millennium!! Pakistan gained independence before India hence India was separated from Pakistan??? LOL. Show me one map where Pakistan existed before Aug 14, 1947... The history lessons in Pakistan surely need to be improved... Well I must say based on your assumptions that Pakistan is actually a very peacful, secular, modern, liberal Islamic country.. Pakistan never attacked Kashmir and India. Bangladeshis (East Pakistan) was never butchered (3 million as per independent estimates) by Pakistanis.. Its all India's doing... India is a fundamentalist, terrorist, barbaric country of slumdogs (Pakistanis love calling Indian's this lately). Pakistan is simply great... I am sure you will be happy now...
If people have not followed the line of "mistakes" our government has done through out history, one would honestly believe that terrorism is caused by angry Muslims who want to steal our freedoms.
I'm just really tired of seeing the government trying to scare people into submission.
Stand up and fight people, don't sit back and let the government do it for you.
Lets look at history, every time the government starts a campaign to disarm the people something bad ALWAYS follows...
factsnews.wordpress.com
The thing is that all the reporters who have and are writing about Pakistan have hardly visited Pakistan. Their ignorance about this beautiful country, and what Pakistan has given to this Materialist World is not recognized (i.e. Got rid of the Communism for good). In return Pakistan is now suffering on the frontline. Please understand the nature ( what we call God or Allah ), nothing religous about it, as God or Allah has no religon. Nature will strike back on all of us in it's own way and style. Paksitan needs to be helped, as it helped the world and does not deserve critism. Pakistan is suffering from it's mistakes of helping the ungreatful & selfish people. However, one thing is for sure, that we will come out and be wiser than before.
Gents- Thanks for the comments, this is exactly the type of discourse that is necessary. I enjoy hearing the perspective of Pakistanis and Muslims, as I admit I have been exposed to mostly a Westernized education.
I would be interested in learning more and talking specifics with many of you. If any of you would be so kind as to post more comments with emails and/or websites where I could comment or post upcoming articles (e.g. - Rupee News, factnews, etc.). Of course I would like to communicate and get clarification from the Indian side as well, from people like Mr. Amalick. My next article could be more about the difference between the two worldviews - two perspectives on history.
The upside might be that I could quote you, if you are comfortable, and even reference your sites for more information to direct readers to give them broader picture.
Let me know your thoughts.
Mike Hughes
Geopolitics Examine
Never in its history has Pakistan been in a position as it is now. ISI and the army are on the back foot due to the war with Taliban and the danger of a terrorist attack everyday. The taliban on the other hand is being systematically destroyed under the atchful eye of the international community (read USA). The end of taliban or at least the conversion of it will tender useless the Pakistani complain of the US leaving behind a mess after removing USSR from Afganistan. Aid is started to flow again. The hardliners are hit hard in est and west pakistan. People of Pakistan are scared and want peace more than anything else.
At this juncture of nations's life, if a true leader can just direct the country towards the right direction, the mistakes of the last 60 years will be just part of history books. A direction which is not full of deceipt and lies to its own people. A direction which is not governed by hatred but by confident maturity. A direction of intelligence and not shrewdness.
The US does not want a honest and stable Pakistan. USA wants to use Pakistan and a strong Pakistan will be out of its control. USA wants Pakistan to keep on hating India and keep on harping the Kashmir word to rattle Indians. USA does not want Pakistan to concentrate on its economy, however sweet Obama talks. USA wants only one industry to flourish in Pakistan, the army and USA will sponsor it in the name of aid. As the Pakistani military and political elite delight in the company of the US secreatries and even the president, I wonder if Pakistan ever achieved independence in 1947. Or was it just a switch from the British to the Americans. After all, the Pakistani army salaries are being paid by US aid.
There is no 'accident' here. A phonetic game hatched in Chancery Lane. Templers continue their perverted game. Double, double toil and trouble; Fire burn, and cauldron bubble. Sikh's from the farms start flooding the Punjab hospitals, sliced to ribbons. The Muslim leaders cry shame, and weep at how they are treated like Jews, just ask the leader of the PAK Rahmat Ali Gujjar. What a great way for the Vice King to exit stage left...and the same characters carve apart the people for their pleasure. There is nothing like faith to bring death. When they believe then there is nothing to do but torch their own wives and sisters and daughters, for their safety you understand! The they can fight who? Ahh, now their are sides. Crusades?
@AMalick
so r u denying that Pakistan was made as a result of elections?
so u r sugesting that India could have finished Kashmir dispute by making it as a requirement to release 90k prisoners? nice deal making. India had been infilterating its agents into Pakistan to cause unrest. Then seeing a weaker Pakistan it attacked and divided into two. May God save everyone from such a "peace loving neighbor".
According to you 90K soldiers killed 3M East Pakistanis. Thats 33.33 killings by each soldier. Honestly doesn't that sound bloated? and tell me what India had to do with East Pakistan. why can't it keep itself to take care of its own internal issues?
India could have attacked Pakistan if Pakistan had no nuclear arms. Delhi Parliament attack drama was such a childish act by India. Attckers kept ID cards/passports in pockets while they attacked the parliament. that was hilarious. I remember after 9/11 India also grounded all the planes once on some supposed intelligence. what a joke!!
@AMalick (continuing from below)
India had been a cry baby for a long time. It always portrayed itself as a victim. It has been playing games to present Pakistan as the trouble maker while it was itself in bed with USSR (the Evil Empire of its time). It is time for the world to realize that Pakistan has been paying a heavy price to be on the frontline confronting USSR and now terrorism. More than 30M afghan refugees toook shelter in Pakistan and that cause the spread of drugs and weapons. More Pakistani soldiers have been killed in war against terrorism than whole USA and NATO combined. So Mr. AMalick don't tell me about Pakistan. I am a Pakistani and I am damn proud of it.
imran wrote: "More Pakistani soldiers have been killed in war against terrorism than whole USA and NATO combined."
Unfortunately even more Pakistanis have been killed in a war FOR terrorism. :( .
Before the PAKIS whine and Moan -- PLEASE ask YOURSELVES -- What does the word "PAKISTAN" mean ??
It mean's the "LAND of the PURE"
Next Logical question -- Pure from what
Check the % of Minorities in Pakistan from 1947-2009
From 22 % -- today the % of Minorites is < 1.5 %
Is it a wonder the Pakis have not done a Census in YEARS
The Pakis are ISLAMISTS -- They have NO TOLERANCE for other RELIGIONS --- Ask them -- when was the last time they built a CHURCH, a Temple, a synagogue, or a Gurdwara
Shame on US -- We in the USA are supporting TERRORISTs -- instead of sending them Daisy Flowers from B-52s
Michael
Thanks for calling a spade a spade. The use of irregular militias roused by the cry of Jihad is a recurring theme in all conflicts Pakistan has been through in its short existence as a nation state.
In 1948, Pakistani irregulars invaded Kashmir to forcibly annex that province in Pakistan.
In 1965, Pakistanis irregulars infiltrated again in Kashmir under the so called 'Operation Grand Slam', that resulted in yet another war with India..
In 1971, Pakistanis unleashed the 'Razakars', (yet another Jihadi militia) on the hapless population of then East Pakistan.. that adventure resulted in the massacre of perhaps three million Bangaladeshis.
Then came the Afghan war and the nascent Taliban to fight against the Soviets.
After the collapse of the Soviet Union, this tribal militia was unleashed once again, against Kashmir.
Its apparent that Pakistan has used tribal militias with an element of plausible-deniability in a way that can only be ca
Michael,
A data point on how Jinnah really viewed Pakistan. This is an interview with Jinnah by Margaret Bourke-White in September 1947
"Link = iref.homestead.com/Messiah.html"
It explains why the country is where it is and where it will inevitably go.
Bookmark the bharat-rakshak dot com forum (terrorism republic of Pakistan thread) for information on Pakistan.
Link to the BR page on Pakistan: forums.bharat-rakshak.com /viewtopic.php?f=1&t=4900&st=0&sk=t&sd=a
first of all thanks to Michael for calling a spade a spade.
@Imran :- before pointing the fingers at NATO forces for not stopping the taliban , why dont u think for a moment that they are not securing the borders of Afghan and that work was given to Pak and pak was being paid for that. What happened was that Pak slacked and slept with the enemy(the taliban).
And pakistan should know about taliban the most as they are the masters of taliban, your govt has fed them for so long that it has forgot that they are enemy combatants.
"INDIA Separated from Pakistan"
Wow Imran i would like to know what u are smoking, show me an entry in any map before 1947 which says anything about Pakistan, or is that the effect of ur jihadi literature that u read in ur schools in ur history books.
" India flamed the independence movement in East Pakistan"
And pakistani army did not have any role to play in it?? or did u forgot that it was the belief in punjabi supremacy over short,rice and fish eating bengali muslims had nothing to do with.
your soldiers raped and killed any bengali women they could lay their fingers on and killed any bengali speaking men they could find. If u donot beleive me why dont u read your own army comissions report compiled by Hamoodur Rahman on the same.
"India promised plebiscite in Kashmir which it never fulfilled.."
which kashmir are u talking about?? the ones that u gave to china as a gift or the one that u occupied illegally.
get back the one from china and throw away all the Pakistanis who entered the occupied kashmir after 1947, then we would talk.
"If India could wipe out Pakistan it will do it.. only nuclear war heads is stopping them."
If u think that India is afraid of pak's nukes then u are mistaken. Even after a nuke war India can survive but not pakistan.
BTW why do u keep repeating the term pakistani nukes they are not pakistani nukes, they are chineese. And as i speak there is a chineese brigade in pak thats securing them.
pakistan could never build a bomb that would explode, within a week of India exploding nukes Pak tried twice to explode some of their own built nukes using chineese designs. but alas, they did not explode, thats when u had to borrow some from china to put up a show in front of your own citizens(as the rest of the world is quite informed).
Michael,
It's after along time i am getting into a debate on pakistan. Well let me start with a basic question. What is Nazariya-e-pakistan? Why does it exist?
for a nation that was forged on the idea of being exactly opposite if what India stands for is self defeating in the first place. The way Pakistani nation defines itself is that they are not India and their quest of identity haunts them. The bigger headache is what is pakistani Identity - Punjabi, Pakhtoon, Balochi or Sindhi? religion was thought to be a glue and hence the emphasis. It did not work and can not work. There 22 Arab nations in the first place.
This all can be traced back to the Brit cunning and their 'Great game theory' of denying central asia access to India and denying warm sea ports to russia. pakistan was thought to be more stable alternative to continue a foothold in this energy rich reasn and India was thought to be fractious. Today Indian national Identity is established and pakis call themselves Indians
In US/UK, pakis call themselves Indians, run restaurants as Indian places and all. Pakistan is a kleptocracy wherein some 400 families own more than 4000 acres of land and with no land reforms, poor remain poor. It's strange logic that army eats away more than45% of national budget.
It's state owned by army. Since Pkais see themsleves as descendents of Mughals they still think that fauj has the first right to resources. Rest of the country has to serve the fauj.
Pakistan can not understand the reality of 170 million muslims living in peace in India and Indian muslim's hate for pakistan. For pakistan Secularism is only a word, they just can't accept that a pataudi/Azhar can lead Indian team while Yusuf Youhana had to convert just in order to continue play.
Moreover Punjabi's were never great soldiers they were shepherds basically.This ego massaging and need of footsoldiers made british call them martial race. This sense of superiority( lawhori logic - 1 paki=100 indian) has doomed th
There is lot more and I have written too much on paki logic on kashmir and religion. where they are killing each other for not being islamic enough. There are groups who claim they are more islamic than others and the killing will continue.
Pak Punjabi's can't even find one warrior to name a missile on. They had to name it on Afghans - gauri, Abdali etc.
There is no demarcation between Terrorist state of pakistan Army and Taliban as far as India is concerned. TSPA and Talibs are same. talibs are TSPA in mufti. moreover India being a pacifist power always has to bend backwards to talk ,start peace. Paki psyche sees this a capitulation and they smirk but being Paki brained along with La-whori logic they use , they can't understand why Indians simply don't give up.
There is only one solution- Pakhtoonkhwa, Balochistan should be re arranged as landmass. Let Pakjabis and SIndh live as Pakistan.
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