National Court Judge Eloy Velasco charged six of the seven with belonging to an unidentified terrorist group, while one was accused of collaboration.
Velasco said the seven provided money, cover and information to help six men evade justice after allegedly participating in the March 11, 2004, bombings. The morning rush hour attacks on commuter trains headed for the capital's main southern station killed 191 people and wounded about 1,800.
Four of the seven indicted are free, one is in custody and the whereabouts of two others are unknown.
The court named the suspects as Zohair Khadiri, Taha Seghrouchni, Hammad Lahsini, Abdelkrim Lebchina and Abdelaziz El Merabit - all from Morocco - Djilali Boussiri from Algeria and Nassreddine Ben Laidne Amri of Tunisia.
Responsibility for the attacks, perpetrated with 10 bombs hidden in backpacks, was claimed by Muslim militants who claimed they were avenging the presence of Spanish peacekeepers in Iraq and Afghanistan.
In 2007, 28 people, mainly from North Africa, went on trial, and 21 of them were convicted of taking part in the terror bombings.
The judge said the seven knew that Mohamed Afalah, Daoud Ouhmane, Said Berraj and Otman El Mouib, Mohamed Belhadj and Abdelilah Hriz had participated in the bombings but did nothing to turn them in to the police.
Afalah, Daoud Ouhmane are believed to have died later in suicide bombings in Iraq. Belhadj and Abdelilah Hriz were later detained, while Berraj and Otman El Mouib have never been found.
The judge said the help provided by the seven charged men "went beyond humanitarian aid or mere ideological coincidence, and represented activities of support and infrastructure without which no organized group could be successful."
The alleged ringleaders of the bombings blew themselves up three weeks after the 2004 attacks as police closed in on their apartment hide-out in the Madrid suburb of Leganes.
No date has been set for the trial of the seven suspects indicted Monday.
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