The Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO) is a multilateral regional cooperation framework established in 2001 by six countries: Russia, China, Kazakhstan, Tajikistan, Kyrgyzstan and Uzbekistan, with four countries (Mongolia, India, Pakistan and Iran) sitting as observers.

The SCO, formally founded as an international organization, has been actively pursuing relationships with other international organizations while expanding its geographical reach.

The SCO, which was originally created with the aim of building mutual trust among the member countries, has often changed agendas from energy to military issues according to the shifting aspirations and interests of its member and observer countries. These countries are also all supporters of a counterbalance to the United States, but they do not share completely common military concerns, not least between Russia and China.

Read more at RUSI.org.